Trans Fatty Acids - fats that are manufactured by hydrogenation.
Hydrogenation, discovered in the early 1900s, is the chemical process of the addition of hydrogen molecules directly to unsaturated fats such as the fats found in vegetable oils. Oils that have been hydrogenated contribute important stability and textural qualities to food. The spreadability and solidity of margarines, lightness in the layers of pie crust, creamy texture of desserts, and crunchiness of French fries are properties provided by the constituents of trans fats. During the process of partial hydrogenation, some hydrogen atoms move from being on the same side of a double bond to being on the opposite side of a double bond, creating another configuration of fatty acids, known as `trans`, meaning `opposite`. The trans fat component of partly hydrogenated oils can vary widely, according to the level of hydrogenation employed and the quantity used for any particular hydrogenated product. For instance, the quantity of trans fat in a product that has lightly hydrogenated vegetable oils listed low in the list of ingredients could be insignificant in terms of nutrition. If vegetable or other oil described in the ingredient list as `hydrogenated`, this tab means that it has been completely hydrogenated, which is to say, it has been completely saturated with hydrogen atoms, a method of hydrogenation that produces a saturated fatty acid in which trans fats are not an ingredient. Trans fatty acids are a natural ingredient of animal meats (beef and lamb), and dairy products. Nonetheless, the major trans fat sources in the dietary intake of Americans are partly hydrogenated vegetable oils, which are present in food items like baked goods (cookies, pastries, crackers) and fried foods. The National Academy of Sciences` Institute of Medicine lately established that trans fats are similar to saturated fats (from animal sources) and dietary cholesterol with reference to their impact on LDL (`bad` cholesterol) levels in the blood. Furthermore, a number of research studies propose that higher consumption of trans fats might decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The mean trans fat intake within the U.S. is 2.6 percent of total caloric intake, in comparison to 12% of total calories consumed coming from saturated fats.
Hormone - a chemical messenger released by endocrine glands, which triggers or regulates particular functions in another part of the body.
Weight-Loss Surgery - any surgery to treat obesity. Gastrointestinal surgery is the most suitable alternative for those persons who are dangerously obese and have failed to lose weight by standard means or who are afflicted with serious medical problems that are connected to their obesity. This kind of surgery encourages weight loss by limiting the quantity of food that can be ingested and, in certain surgeries, interrupting the processing and absorption of consumed food. However, the most desirable outcomes are achieved with healthy eating behaviors and a daily exercise routine. (Also see `vertical banded gastroplasty or VBG` and `bariatric surgery`.)
Claudication - an ache of the legs (usually the calf muscle) that occurs when exercising and vanishing with rest. It is caused by too little blood flow.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - a U.S federal agency, comprising 11 centers, institutes and offices, that has the mission to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, physical injury and disability.
Ulcer - a break in the skin tissue; a deep sore. People with diabetes could develop ulcers from small abrasions on the feet or legs, because of cuts that heal slowly, or because of the chaffing of shoes that do not fit well. Ulcers can get inflamed and infected.
Bariatric Surgeon - also called an `obesity surgery specialist`. A doctor who performs bariatric surgery.
Anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) - a rare but possibly fatal condition when several different areas of the body undergo severe food-allergy-like symptoms all at one time, with indications such as red, itchy, and swollen skin areas, swollen throat, and labored breathing. It is the most severe allergic response to an allergen and requires urgent therapy when it takes place.
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